Climate Change Policy Memo

Conversation Section: 9 TA: Jose Emilio Lopez Word Count: 800 Addressed to the fair Senators John McCain and Joseph Lieberman. Goal To guarantee the entry of the Climate Stewardship Act, S. 139, in the US Senate before the November 2004 presidential political decision. Technique The ongoing entry of the vitality bill has opened an open door for the section of the Climate Change Stewardship Act. Moreover, the aftereffects of the democratic of the revision introduced by Senator Lieberman in October, 2003, show that there is as of now extensive support.We need to continue gathering speed around this issue, and propose a portion of the accompanying activities. Realizing which states have casted a ballot against the Act, it will be critical to delineate the inspirations driving these votes and address them as needs be. For coal serious states, the loss of pay and joblessness that the selection of cleaner advances may bring is a major concern. Making assets to help them in the progress isn 't as significant as revealing insight in the open doors that the modernization of the coal business can yield.Coal and other petroleum derivatives won't be uprooted in the present moment as renewables are still past the necessary unwavering quality, however putting resources into cleaner coal is plausible and can have an exceptional yield, helping support a stale industry, making knew employments, and pulling in venture for R&D of renewables, shrewd frameworks, and carbon catch and capacity advancements. Additional proof about the genuine expenses and advantages that new innovations present ought to be accessible from MIT and comparative sources.Additionally, a few expresses that casted a ballot against the correction could be considered as profoundly helpless against environmental change related wonders, for example, flooding, tropical storms, and extreme dry seasons. Dependable information identified with the expanding occurrence of such occasions in Mississippi, Louisiana, T exas and other mid western states, will assist us with persuading their agents on the need to act not exclusively to make the most of carbon putting away yield openings, yet additionally to ensure their defenseless farming industry and the populace. It is basic to construct a more grounded case about the market openings identified with atmosphere change.It was the United States team who proposed the â€Å"flexible mechanisms† to be consolidated in the Kyoto Protocol, and all the Annex I nations however the US have been accepting the advantages of such devices. The US has neglected to exploit worldwide carbon showcases and related business openings around the world, and is likewise passing up on the chance to accomplish discharge decrease focuses at a lower cost. The worldwide markets wherein US organizations like to drive is setting high serious gauges and really worldwide organizations should adjust to the norms whether broadly received or not, so why linger behind them.At t his point, the legislature may discover in the private segment an accomplice to share the expense and dangers identified with the interest in cleaner advances. To persuade Senators about this contention, it will be imperative to utilize supporters, for example, the Ford Motor Company and IBM. These banner organizations are envisioning future guidelines and transforming the circumstance into an upper hand. Other enormous market players in the power, transportation, industry and business divisions may discover comparative preferences in their own business models.This can help limit the discernment that environmental change guideline is a way to control the market, and show that it can really help make new markets, increment open doors for low carbon business and advance the production of occupations. As far as global connections, the section of the Act can be introduced as intends to make the correct condition for ventures that could inevitably diminish the reliance of the US on impor ted non-renewable energy sources, which is as an issue of national security. Given the current atmosphere around the war in Iraq, the Act can be viewed as a generally safe and ease option in contrast to an exorbitant war.Additionally, there is extraordinary worry that any nearby emanation decrease activity is inane if creating nations don’t set up outflow decrease targets. It tends to be contended that the US needs to set up high inner outflow decrease targets, regardless of whether it doesn’t endorse the Kyoto Protocol or other worldwide understandings, to recuperate moral initiative and worldwide exchange power around this issue. The media is as of now strong of the reason so we have to continue working with them to keep up the environmental change in the psyches of the populace when all is said in done to continue squeezing the candidates.As with exceptionally helpless states, more consideration ought to be brought to the brains of the normal resident of the weaknes s of US regions and not just faraway regions in underdeveloped nations. It is essential to screen the consequences of dealings in the House of Representatives to take care of into this technique and change the contentions we will present to the distinctive key players appropriately. Logical proof with respect to the conceivably hurtful occasions of ozone harming substances (GHG) can't be ignored.Yet, some may contend that the discharges are because of causes other than human and may be hesitant to change utilization designs. While information in regards to the unsafe impacts of GHG upon atmosphere, biological systems and human life, different regions should be upheld by proof, for example, work creation, development got from advancement, and different advantages identified with diminishing reliance in outside fuel gracefully. Environmental change will have unfavorable effects in a few networks. The most powerless networks in the United States will be those closear to the Gulf of Mex ico.Traditionally poor and minimal states, will confront the harshest conditions as their financial exercises rely to a great extent upon the yield of harvests. Tropical storms and changes in the downpour examples can have extreme effect in the effectively helpless economies of these states. When taking a gander at the guide of states that casted a ballot against this we ought to devide them into those which are powerless against atmosphere impacts and casted a ballot against to persuade them on expanding financial weights got from inaction in their own states and neighboring states (peer pressure). At that point, with those that depend essentially n petroleum product abuse (coal mineshafts, oil fields) we should take a shot at the advantages of increment innovative work of low carbon advancements inside the non-renewable energy source industry, interest in innovative work of cleaner fills and increasingly effective procedures can be joined by innovation move tax reductions. Accentu ation ought to be made on the way that this more current industry will make an expanding measure of green employments the youthful populace could profit by. It implies moving support interest in the oil and gas industry to the improvement of a totally different industry that will yield lucrative specific jobs.The innovative work network is a key partner in attempting to persuade state governments in secure assets for R&D of low carbon advancements. Attempt to catch ability inside states. Another green economy brings open door for all and an extraordinary possibility for deteriorating and contaminating businesses to recover interest in innovative work. Improvement of shrewd frameworks, sustainable power source ventures, carbon catch and capacity, doesn’t rival the current vitality industry however will take into consideration a drawn out move into a progressively feasible future while making lucrative and riches making jobs.Reducing the reliance on imported oil may likewis e permit the US government to reinvest reserve funds from cut in oil exchange the states with most elevated oil creation in the cleaning of their enterprises, meaning to build productivity and catch GHG gases. While there are still questions on whether environmental change is because of human movement or not, the truth of the matter is that there are nations that have utilized the open doors environmental change presents to put resources into abroad markets and guarantee extraordinary advantages from willful carbon markets.This would permit to improve the US notoriety around the globe and recover moral initiative. Adjustment Mitigation Evidence should be gathered One of the primary obstructions in past dealings was the shamefulness of the creating nations not having restricting decrease focuses, to a limited extent on the grounds that any decreases of outflows in the US would profit just underdeveloped nations in the most powerless areas. Yet, some US governments have neglected to p erceive the defenselessness of some US states near the coast, waterway bowl and other abandoned territories (I. e.Florida, Mississipi, Texas, Lousiana, South Carolina, Georgia). Inaction against environmental change will influence these customarily consigned states. Proof about the helplessness of these districts will be key in attempting to persuade the congressmen speaking to them to cast a ballot for the bill. Regardless of whether an extraordinary portion of discharges are not really associated with human exercises (in spite of the fact that there is overall accord about the way that it does) the truth of the matter is that temperatures are rising, and there is a need to settle CO2 fixation in the atmosphere.This in itself is an open door for development, and focused on this issue the expense of activity will be shared by numerous nations. On the off chance that the US neglects to act now, the expense of activity in years to come may be impressively higher in light of the fact t hat the nation won't have the option to impart the danger of the venture to other created economies. It implies keeping up administration in the vitality business, while opening new channel for venture and proficiency, and the production of another arrangement of utilization designs, helpful for stale and in any event, contracting organizations (coal industry).

The Principles of Operant Conditioning

Depiction of a Restaurant To direct the perception and inspect the relations among guardians and kids as indicated by the standards of operant molding, one of the McDonald’s cafés was picked. The perception was directed on February 28, 2013. The hour of the supper was chosen to have the chance to see the same number of guardians with youngsters as possible.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on The Principles of Operant Conditioning explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The drive-thru eatery has the huge feasting region which is separated into a few squares. To watch grown-ups and youngsters during their cooperations, the most open zone in the eating lobby was picked. It was likewise conceivable to see the sales register from the spot for watching the subjects. Three Observations Positive fortification for wanted practices. I watched the youthful Caucasian mother with the five or six years of age little girl who were eating at the table toward the side of the eatery. The young lady wavered whether to drink or not the bit of the milk mixed drink. The mother said that they had just paid for the mixed drink. The young lady chose to drink the entire part of the mixed drink. The mother energized the ideal conduct with a grin and an applause, expressing that her little girl was a decent young lady, and it was truly better to drink and eat the entire bits requested. Positive discipline for undesired practices. The Caucasian dad in his thirties and a student (8-9 years of age) were watched. The dad and his child were remaining at the sales register. The kid was impulsive and requested that the dad purchase the huge bit of dessert rather than a little one. The man didn't focus on the boy’s words. The kid began to ask stronger. The dad requested that the kid be quiet. The kid chose to cry stronger to draw the father’s consideration. The dad responded rather indignantly and nearly yelled at the kid, focusing on the boyâ⠂¬â„¢s wrong conduct and difficulty to purchase the huge bit of the dessert. The kid was outraged, yet he quit crying and requesting the dessert. Negative discipline for undesired practices. The family comprising of a youthful Asian mother and two young ladies was watched. The young ladies were five or six years of age. The family was feasting. One young lady ate well and didn't look aside. Notwithstanding, the other young lady was including in playing with a doll, and gave less consideration to eating. At the point when the principal young lady ate the segment and kept on talking with the mother, the other young lady halted to eat as a result of playing with the doll. The mother noticed that the girl’s conduct was wrong and chosen to remove the doll to furnish the young lady with the chance to have her supper. Remarks and Reflections According to the case of the encouraging feedback for the ideal conduct, the mother didn't abuse the positive reinforcer to complement the daug hter’s proper conduct. It is conceivable to talk about the further rehashes of the examined conduct to be energized by the mother’s acclaim since it is one of the most effortless yet rather passionate variation of support. Basing on the further perception, I additionally centered around the mother’s use of separation while fortifying the little girl. Talking about the case of the positive discipline for the undesired conduct, I can express that the dad didn't neglect to work the rule, however he abused it in light of the fact that the very forceful response as the type of discipline could incite the boy’s being frightened or even the redundancy of the undesired conduct as opposed to halting it. Notwithstanding the positive aftereffects of the discipline, it can't be considered as suitable for the circumstance being talked about. The mother of two young ladies portrayed in the third model utilized the negative discipline for the undesired conduct adequatel y in light of the fact that the response of the girl to the discipline was the prompt stop of the negative activity. The undesired conduct was the play with a doll while eating, and it was halted when the improvement as the doll was removed. Consequently, the guideline of operant molding was utilized effectively. Depict Any Examples of Generalization or Discrimination Paying consideration regarding the practices of the guardians comparable to their kids, I was unable to watch the instances of speculation when people give a similar reaction to some comparative stimuli.Advertising Looking for exposition on brain science? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, I watched the case of segregation when the ideal conduct and the ideal reaction were related with the strengthened upgrade (Coon and Mitterer 247). In this manner, the young lady portrayed in the main model is slanted to respond to the boost gave uniquely by her mom si nce she is fortified with a grin or a commendation. I saw that the young lady was strengthened to utilize a napkin when it was important on the grounds that her mom focused on her proper or positive conduct. In any case, different practices which couldn't be examined as fundamental or positive were overlooked. Along these lines, it is conceivable to express that the mother built up the circumstance of separation. Works Cited Coon, Dennis, and John Mitterer. Brain science: A Journey. USA: Cengage Learning, 2010. Print. This exposition on The Principles of Operant Conditioning was composed and presented by client Count Nefaria to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

Critical book review of How Democratic is the American Constitution by Essay

Basic book survey of How Democratic is the American Constitution by Dahl - Essay Example reas where changes and enhancements can be achieved all these are referenced and talked about in the book compensating for the positive point of the book. Broad research embraced towards the tending to of the various spaces and edges and furthermore supporting explanations dependent on the realities and records from the history compensate for another quality and positive of the book. The potential negatives that might be ascribed against this book incorporate the monotone and the actually no-nonsense edge of legislative issues. It might be taken as generally exhausting for the individuals who might not have bigger enthusiasm of following of the legislative issues or the historical backdrop of American political elements that have changed over timeframe through the excursion of hundreds of years. The book covers the issues of various points and areas enough. The reality the book covers the zones that are the longing and wishes of the common residents of the America makes this book the best formula towards the American political system understanding. The second actuality that the book likewise features the need of progress and potential changes dependent on which the constitution of America can be additionally transformed and patched up towards satisfying the necessities of current occasions and present day world. The book makes claims and supports its cases dependent on the realities and occasions and records given from an earlier time and the current literary setting of American constitution that is directly existent and in working. The issue that is regularly examined and bantered with respect to the self-governance and force sharing of Supreme Court of United States of America is additionally brought into conversation. The conceivable finding some kind of harmony between the various establishments of the American state additionally compensate for the basic issue being talked about and referenced in the book. The notice and the basic examination of the Census embraced right off the bat in the 21st century have likewise been featured and referenced concerning its hugeness and its general effect on the political and

Where to Find Teenage Essay Topics

Where to Find Teenage Essay Topics Lies You've Been Told About Teenage Essay Topics Researching the topic permits you to find out more about what fascinates you, and should you pick something you truly like, writing the essay will be more enjoyable. Remember your essay is about solving problems, thus a solution ought to be a highlight of the essay. The essay demands proficient handling and expert strategy. 1 important thing which you should do when writing your essay is to ensure it is personal. The college essay is among the most essential facets of your college application. When professors want all students to tackle the exact college essay topic, they will be quite specific with the assignment. In some instances, the college will supply an essay topic for you. To compose a strong argumentative essay, students should start by familiarizing themselves with a number of the common, and frequently conflicting, positions on the research topic so they can write an educated paper. Teenage Essay Topics Secrets Every spot on earth has a story. Although you're just beginning to compose essays, you shouldn't struggle attempting to develop something to discuss. Write about something which you wish you could say to another person. Write about what makes you so very good at that 1 thing. In the past several years teen magazines have dramatically declined because of the web and new technologies. The introduction should offer general information which will be included in the sh ort article. For a student in the center school the typical topics are linked to science and history. Every American should learn how to speak English. All the data in the text ought to be checked before it'll be shown. At exactly the same time, detecting cause and effect relationships isn't that easy in regards to the selection of a fantastic cause and effect essay topic. The changes vary from the behavioral modifications to the physical development of someone. It is crucial to me to seem good every time that I go out. The Good, the Bad and Teenage Essay Topics The success of a research paper mostly is based on the topic, which is why a number of time is spent searching for the best research paper topics for college students. The new year gives one a great deal of chances to research different essays and the ways how they are sometimes written. Choosing excellent essay topics for middle school must be a careful procedure, where a balance needs to be struck between topic s that might be too simplistic, more proper for the main school, and choosing argumentative essay topics that might be too complicated or controversial. The teachers don't always assign the specific topic. It's possible for you to select different facets of love and compose a research paper on the selected topic. If you are pleased with the amount of your knowledge on a specific subject, hen you may safely consider it as the topic for your essay. Therefore, the topic needs to be debatable! While students may initially enjoy the idea of picking an essay topic, they soon understand that the determination of essay topic ideas can be somewhat difficult. Finding the Best Teenage Essay Topics Love is a particular feeling. Nobody would like to turn into a parent when they're a teenager. On precisely the same note, teenage mothers ought to be counseled and left to remain in school besides encouraging proper nutrition. Body Paragraphs There is an important absence of enough sex education among teenagers in the United States. It's very convenient for teenagers as it's never out of fashion and they never have to appear far to purchase a scarf. There continue to be teenagers who opt for an ideal lifestyle. American teenagers essay is an extensive subject that can be focused on several elements that impact the teens, their issues and assorted areas in which teenagers have gained recognition. High schooler pregnancy isn't an extraordinary issue especially in the created world where it is normally wild. Persuasive speech topics for teens want to deal with the issues young men and women REALLY care about! The issue arises when pornographic content gets into the incorrect hands of teenagers who might not have the capacity to produce informed decisions on this issue.

The Aftermath of World War Two Essay - 1495 Words

The Aftermath of World War II Some people argue that faith and reason are two completely unrelated concepts. This statement could not be further from the truth. Both faith and reason separate man from animal. Man possesses the ability to think his way through obstacles. When a situation appears too great for logic, faith brings man to the next level. During World War II faith and reason worked side by side. Politicians and military leaders employed reason to break down and destroy the enemy. The soldiers on the front lines and the civilians back home tapped into their faith to see them through the turmoil around them. Following World War II faith and reason continued their importance. In order to end the war, the United†¦show more content†¦Frisch reported his findings to Niels Bohr; a Nobel Prize winning scientist whom was just leaving Denmark to lecture at Princeton University. A Hungarian scientist named Leo Szilard was especially interested in the new experiments involving nuclear fissi on. He had earlier hypothesized that fission could produce a self sustaining chain reaction which would produce huge amounts of energy. Szilard, a refugee from Nazism decided that Hitler must not develop this technology. He requested the help of fellow refugee, Albert Einstein to illustrate his concern to President Truman. Einstein’s letter to Truman said, This new phenomenon would also lead to the construction of bombs, and it is conceivable—though much less certain—that extremely powerful bombs of a new type may be constructed Thus began what became know as the Manhattan Project. This was the code name for the development of the first atomic bomb. (The Fall of Japan, 20) Once this technology was finally developed, the scientific community was up in arms. On June11, 1945, the Franck Report was published. A panel of seven scientists at the University of Chicago compiled this document. They offered the idea of testing the bomb before the eyes of representatives of all United Nations, on the desert or a barren island (Atomic Bomb: Decision). On July 3, 1945, Szilard published a petition against the use of the atomic bomb. He asked President Truman, to rule that the United StatesShow MoreRelatedAfter researching informational texts on modern and historical revolutions, write an essay that800 Words   |  4 Pageshistorical revolutions, write an essay that compares a modern revolution to the French revolution and argues the significance of each. Mikayla Hammers World Studies Revolutions essay March 11, 2014 The French revolution and the Arab Spring revolution are comparable and both play significant roles. Many aspects of the revolutions from the causes to aftermath in the Middle East can resemble those that happened in France. 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In the book, he sets out to offer a comprehensiveRead MoreThe Aftermath Of The Holocaust1048 Word s   |  5 PagesOctober 2015 The Aftermath of the Holocaust Introduction With the end of World War II, came the end of the Holocaust. The aftermath of the Holocaust has had a profound affect on non-Jewish and Jewish survivors who tried to rebuild their lives in society such as the country of Israel gaining statehood. It has changed the way people set up society and the way government functions in certain countries such as Germany following the Holocaust. The Holocaust didn t effect just the world from the time ofRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis ( Cmc )1435 Words   |  6 Pagesalmost resorted in nuclear war. The Crisis remains as an example of one of the most terrifying events to occur within history. It was an extreme threat for those of society, which existed for 13 long and endless days. 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Within these arguments, there are various camps among whom the beliefs are contested. There are the orthodox historians, such as Arthur Schlesinger Jr., that imagine the Cold War as â€Å"the brave and essentialRead MoreCounter Attack, Attack And Aftermath, By Siegfried Sassoon1081 Words   |  5 Pagesyour comrades beside you as you clench your gun tightly to your chest, is this really what you signed for? War Poetry is written to expose the truth about war. In class, we have studied the poet Siegfried Sassoon who fought in the first world war and has written poems to show the audience/ civilians the truth behind war. He uses his poems Counter Attack, Attack and Aftermath to show how war is nothing but a dog fight, but a graveyard where it is kill or be killed, and how horrific experiencing the

What is Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation Essay...

What is Sleep and the Effects of Sleep Deprivation Sleep is one of the things that most students can say they do not get enough of. It is a time for us to rest and for a few blissful hours hopefully forget about the stress and worries of school and life. Unfortunately, due to too much work or too much studying to do, often enough, we do not get the amount we need each night to be fully rested the next day. But we have learned to cope with the sleep deprivation by drinking coffee in the morning to wake us up. Even though we are awake, how well can we function throughout the day when we have only had less than five hours of sleep? How much does our behavior change without enough sleep? Before we get to what the effects of sleep†¦show more content†¦Then finally, there is again a downswing to make you sleep and the cycle begins all over again. (2). Why is sleep so important to us? There have been studies done that suggest that sleep deprivation can be detrimental to or decrease the function of our immune systems. Just think, how often was it that after many days of continual sleep deprivation did you start to think that you had a cold? Sleep deprivation can also result in a decrease in core body temperature, decrease in the release of growth hormone, and possible cause an increase in heart rate variability. Sleep also seems to be important in order for our nervous system to work properly. Without sufficient amount of sleep, our behavior and our ability to do things are impaired. We feel drowsy and are unable to concentrate after not getting enough sleep. With enough sleep deprivation, it has been found that some begin to hallucinate and develop mood swings. Higher-ordered cognitive task become more difficult to do where it has been shown that tests that require speed and accuracy have lower results compared to those that are no t sleep deprived. Judgment is also impaired; it has been tested that riskier behavior is more likely to occur when sleep deprived. (2).This is part of the reason why you should not drive when you are sleep deprived. Aside from the risk of falling asleep at the wheel, since judgment isShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On The Body798 Words   |  4 Pagesgo to school, or even both. What keeps the human brain active during these hard tasks? Sleep is the answer to this question. What is sleep? Sleep is when the human body is unconscious. Once unconscious the body will restore the energy it needs for the next day. Sleep is vital to everyone. A human body needs sleep to restore the powers of the body. Some causes of being sleep deprived include a poor diet, stress, and hormonal imbalances. The effects of sleep deprivation include health problems, andRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay901 Words   |  4 Pages Most teens do not know what sleep deprivation is, it occurs when a person fails to receive enough sleep at night. A teen need nine hours of sleep to not feel sleep deprived also to be well alert and rested for the next day. Its more than important to manage enough sleep for the next day or experiences regarding the effects of sleep deprivation will occur. Many teens definitely have experienced sleep deprivation and may not have known how serious it is along with how bad it can affect them. TeenagersRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay883 Words   |  4 PagesOutline Sleeping Deprivation General Purpose: To inform. Specific purpose: Sleep is a precious gift that allows people to rest. Not getting enough rest on a constant basis can lead to greater problems, even death Organizational Pattern: Introduction I. Blame It On the Light Bulb.  Ã‚  College students and individuals around the world are suffering from a health problem that can be more detrimental to their health than some forms of cancer.  Ã‚  What is it?  Ã‚  Sleep Deprivation II. People areRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1183 Words   |  5 PagesSleep is a necessity that people require to live a healthy lifestyle, and to partake in daily activities. Sleep is something that improves concentration, physical health, and provides energy. Steve Jobs once said, â€Å"For you to sleep well at night, the aesthetic, the quality, has to be carried all the way through.† Steve Jobs is proclaiming that to receive the full benefits of sleep, people must sleep the recommended hours. College students continue to undergo a lack of sleep as they persist throughRead MoreSleep Deprivation : Symptoms And Treatments1417 Words   |  6 Pagesexperiencing sleep deprivation or not having enough sleep will cause one to be frustrated. It is not a decent experience to have. Whenever we have sleep deprivation or have little sleep, we become less productive and not concentrated the next day. As these things happen, bosses will scold us or we will fail our tasks. While we fail, or get scolded, the mood at that moment is always annoying and unsatisfying. People who encounter with lack of sleep will know that having not enough sleep is the mainRead MoreEssay On Sleep Deprivation801 Words   |  4 Pagesthe world sleep deprivation could be detrimental to people lives and health. Without sleep Im a angry person I get real snappy and grumpy. I would like to know more about the effects of the lack of sleep that effects people’s lives. I know that without sleep you can’t function properly. Why do people choose to push themselves to the limit when they are tired? Who do sleep issues mainly effect? These are some of the questions that I have pertaining to sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation is a globalRead MoreSleep Deprivation Negatively Influences Driving Performance1722 Words   |  7 Pagesaverage person is generally awake for around 16 hours a day, however sometimes within busy lives sleep may become a last priority between family and work, and thus extending the period a person is awake (Williamson Feyer, 2000). In this essay, it will be argued that sleep deprivation negatively influences driving performance, as it has been found that driving for long periods of time or after sleep deprivation leads to poor driving performance as levels of alertness are low. Two empirical studies haveRead MoreSleep Deprivation Persuasive Speech1577 Words   |  7 PagesChronic Sleep Deprivation Introduction: A. Attention Getting Opening: Over the past ten to twenty years, academic demands placed upon college students have increased significantly, this has lead to an increase in workload and amount of time needed to study for a specific course. Today, college students represent the most sleep-deprived division of the population in the U.S. (Sleep and Memory). According to Gayla Martindale, 63% percent of the students who attend college do not get enough sleep, whichRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Children974 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction 1. My opening/attention getting material is as follows: Sleep deprivation was a factor in some of the biggest disasters for example the 1979 nuclear accident at Three Mile Island, the massive Exxon oil spill, and the 1986 nuclear meltdown at Chernobyl. Sleep deprivation is affecting many Americans today especially college students. â€Å"A study in the Journal of Adolescent Health found that only 30 percent of students sleep at least eight hours a night, which is the average requirement forRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Stress1352 Words   |  6 PagesSleep is very important for proper human functioning. Sleep deprivation occurs the body does not get an adequate amount of sleep regularly. The lack of sleep can affect many aspects of life. This topic affects many Americans especially college students. American culture values being very busy and cramming in many activities to daily schedules in which often requires sacrificing sleep. Different age groups reactions to sleep deprivation was investigated. Physical effects of lack of sleep were examined

Presidential Powers (1707 words) Essay Example For Students

Presidential Powers (1707 words) Essay Presidential PowersPresidential Powers The President as Chief of State In every government there is a ceremonial head of the government who is the symbol of all the people in the nation. As Howard Taft put it, The personal embodiment and representative of their dignity and majesty(McClenaghan, pg. 316). That person is the Chief of State or more commonly known as the President. One of the main factors that cause the presidents to be viewed as a symbol of the American community is the presidents ceremonial duties which are named in the Constitution. The Constitution states several ceremonial duties that the presidents are obliged to perform. They are required to take an oath of office, periodically inform Congress of the State of Union, negotiate with foreign powers, and receive Ambassadors and other Public Ministers. These Constitutional ceremonial duties supported the assumption of the Chief of State role by George Washington and his successors because they made the president appear as the leader of the entire nation(The Presidents A-Z, Pg. 68). Castro 2 Both, the Oath of Office ceremony, the Inauguration, and the State of Union address physically place the President out in front of other government officials. Also, the Presidents duty to receive Ambassadors shows that foreign governments view and regard the president as the official representative of the United States, and since the rest of the world sees our president as being the Chief of State, then the domestic responsibilities of the Chief of State could not be assumed more gracefully than anyone but the President (The Presidents A-Z, pg. 69). In the 18th century, when the Framers designed the U. S. presidents job, monarchy was the style of government throughout most of the world. But, since they wanted to avoid any suggestion of a monarchy, the Framers of the constitution made the Chief of State the Chief Executive as well. They called this person the President. But, like monarchs, the U.S. Presidents are the living symbol of the nation. They symbolize the countrys history, liberty and strength. The President can appoint ceremonial representatives, but while they are still in office they cannot escape their role as Chief of State. At every moment they represent the United States at home and overseas. Castro 3 When the President, or shall I say the Chief of state, is not occupied with functions that pertain to government he would attend and participate in such as lighting the national Christmas tree, deliver a patriotic address during the Fourth of July, lay a wreath on the graves of soldiers that died for their country (such as the Tomb of the Unknowns) on Memorial day, lead us special holidays (such as Thanksgiving, bless fund raising drives, and on numerous occasions in the past he would throw the first ball to open the baseball season in the Spring. Many of these functions mean something and are significant especially when the President is involved. But consequently, the duties of the Chief of State are seldom described as a power and are sometimes denounced as a waste of the Presidents time. (The Presidency, Pg. 69) Although the Presidents right to dedicate a monument or congratulate an astronaut may mean little, The symbolism that the action portrays clearly enhances presidential authority, legitimizes and maximizes other presidential powers, and secures his position as Chief of State. (The Presidency, Pg. 69) As political scientist Clinton Castro 4 Rossiter explained No president can fail to realize that all his powers are invigorated, indeed are given a new dimension of authority, because he is the symbol of our sovereignty, continuity, and grandeur. The presidency is therefore elevated above other offices and institutions not just by its legal authority, but also by its symbolic and historic mystique. (The Presidency, Pg.69) The position of the President as the Chief of State is defined by the Constitutional provisions which are the source of some of the most important power the President can use. The Acceptibility of Coconut Shell as an Art Paper EssayK. to the Military to fire, and they did. When it comes to the Judicial part of the government, the President still has the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and amnesties. Lately we have not seen the President grant any of those, but we have seen him follow Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, which denies him the power to grant pardons, reprieves, and amnesties in Castro 8 cases of impeachment. (U.S. Constitution, we see this in effect in the case of the Bill Clinton ; Monica Lewinsky affair, in which the President is being charged with perjury and just cannot pardon himself. The third and most often seen provision is the President as a diplomat. We see this when the President hosts foreign leaders or when he travels to other countries. An example would be when he left to the Middle East to have peace talks with other foreign leaders. All in all, in todays society , the president is us. He derives his power from us, the American people, and he represents us in his daily endeavors and important activities. Although not everyone may agree with that, but still no one can deny that the President has been a long lasting symbol of America and the American people for over 200 years. Todays newspaper articles about the president and the powers that they posses are pretty self-explanatory as to what provisions in the Constitution they are referring to The articles about the President ordering the bombing, explains the Military role of the President as stated in the U.S. Constitution. Castro 9 The articles discussing the Presidents perjury charges (i. e. Monica Lewinsky case) refers to the Judicial Provision in the U.S. Constitution. Article II, Section 2, states that the President cannot grant pardons reprieves, and amnesties in cases of impeachment. Third, the articles that discuss peace treaties and peace talks refer to the diplomatic provision of the Constitution. Article II, Section3, talks about receiving Ambassadors and other public ministers. And the articles that discusses the President attending a space shuttle launch illustrates how he is involved in function that are not government related. Meaning that he supports his countrys endeavors although he does not have to Philosophy

Communication Law Worksheet Essay Example

Communication Law Worksheet Essay 1. Communication Law is primarily about the First Amendment. What different types of speech can you identify that may have different protection under the first amendment? Under the First Amendment many types of speech receive the most stringent levels of protection while others receive little to no protection at all. Political or religious speech are two of the biggest and most important areas of speech that receive the most protection and seem to be at the core of the First Amendment rights. These two types of speech receive a great deal of scrutiny, however that scrutiny is usually never upheld. Other areas of speech involving obscenities receive no protection under the First Amendment. Commercial speech is an area of speech that in recent years is starting to gain a great deal of protection under the First Amendment. It has been determined that restrictions on commercial speech be subject to intermediate scrutiny. As a result of commercial speech many food and drug regulations have been invalidated. Commercial speech has recently gone from absolutely no protection under the First Amendment to qualified protection. Commercial speech was limited to promotion of commercial activities. Under the commercial speech doctrine speech does not lose its constitutional protection simply because it appears in a commercial context. We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Law Worksheet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Law Worksheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Communication Law Worksheet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Placing want ads in a newspaper is an area of commercial speech that is now protected under this doctrine, however those areas of commercial speech that promote illegal things like employment discrimination is indeed illegal and not protected under the First Amendment. 2. Name and discuss three of the first amendment theories found in the text. Freedom of expression started back in 1791 when the First Amendment was ratified in regards to freedom of the presses. Since the freedom of expression has changed dramatically with new media outlets like television, radio, and the Internet. Freedom of expression was and is used today as having no prior censorship. It also protects people from punishment after publication. Freedom of expression is quite different today, and today there can be nine different definitions of freedom of expression and are usually based on Supreme Court justices. Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 â€Å"forbade false, scandalous, and malicious publications against the U. S. government, congress, and the President† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 48). The law was used to punish those who sought to cause problems and urged resistance to the government. There were 15 prosecutions under this law, many of which belonged to leading papers in the nation at that time. This law was overturned in 1801 and President Jefferson pardoned all those convicted under this law. Today people are allowed to criticize the government and publicly hold views that do not go along with the government or the current administration with little to no prosecution. Taxation of the presses is another area und the First Amendment that has come under scrutiny. Taxing of newspapers and other press outlets was deemed unconstitutional. Government could not tax some members of certain branches over others, and taxing against the content of a publication was also found to be unconstitutional. It is unconstitutional also to â€Å"rule that selective taxation of the press through the narrow targeting of individual members offends the First Amendment and that a differential taxation of First Amendment speakers is constitutionally suspect when it threatens to suppress the expression of particular ideas or viewpoints† (Pembert Calvert, 2011, p. 65). 3. What does prior restraint mean? Why is it important? Prior restraint is an official restriction of speech prior to publication. â€Å"Prior restraint refers to an unconstitutional attempt to prevent publication or broadcast of any statement, which is restraint on free speech and free press prohibited by the First Amendment† (USlegal. com, 2010). Areas that are covered under prior restraint are allowed to be published include libel, slander, obvious miss-truths, anti-government feelings and attitudes, racial and religious areas, and most any material where public security or public safety is not compromised. Public estraint also prohibits felons from profiting off of their crimes. It is used to describe the printing and profiting of illegal crimes. Prior restraint has gone through many revisions since its original inception. Prior restraint is important because it violates First Amendment rights. Free speech and free press should have priority but under prior restraint they do not. â€Å"Blackstone’s theory on this subjec t held that liberty of the press depended on having no prior restraints on publications and not in freedom from punishment when criminal matter is published† (USlegal. om, 2010). References †¢ Pember, D. R. , Clavert, C. (2011). Mass media law (17th ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. First Amendment Religion and Expression Freedom of Expression-Speech and Press . (1996). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from Network Abuse Clearinghouse: http://www. abuse. net/commercial. html Prior restraint law legal definition. (2010). Retrieved August 16, 2010, from US legal: http://definitions. uslegal. com/p/prior-restraint/

The Difference Between Shade and Shadow

The Difference Between Shade and Shadow The Difference Between Shade and Shadow The Difference Between Shade and Shadow By Maeve Maddox Øystein Sveum Moen poses an interesting question about shade and shadow: I constantly end up in discussions whether somethings in the shade or shadow. Is there a clear definition of the difference between these two? Where I come from (Norway) we have a single word covering all forms of light blocking darkness. Both shade and shadow come from the same Old English word sceadu, shade, shadow, darkness. The general definitions given for both words are almost identical in the OED: shadow:  I. Comparative darkness.  1. a. Comparative darkness, esp. that caused by interception of light; a tract of partial darkness produced by a body intercepting the direct rays of the sun or other luminary. shade: I. Comparative darkness. 1 a. Partial or comparative darkness; absence of complete illumination; esp. the comparative darkness caused by a more or less opaque object intercepting the direct rays of the sun or other luminary. Both words have numerous uses. For example, shade can mean the ghost or spirit of someone dead. Capitalized, Shadow is a term given by Carl Jung to the aspect of the human personality formed by fears and unpleasant emotions. The OED entries for shade and shadow include about 40 different definitions for each of the words. Used in the sense of comparative darkness, the words are sometimes, but not always interchangeable. Shade is what one seeks on a hot sunny day. We sit or walk in the shade. Plants that do well in the shade are called shade-loving plants. Shadow usually refers to a shape cast by an object that blocks the sun. A person casts a shadow in the shape of the human body. Figuratively, however, one might say that a younger brother lives under the shadow or in the shade of an older brother. Both words have emotional connotations. To those of us who live in hot climates, shade has pleasant and soothing associations. Shadow is evocative of something mysterious or threatening, especially in the plural. Stalkers lurk in the shadows. As the sun sets, evening shadows fall, concealing what was formerly visible and making the ordinary strange. Addressing the difference between shade and shadow in Modern English Usage, H.W. Fowler concludes that shadow is to shade as pool is to water. He points out that shady means full of shade, but shadowy like a shadow. Shade, therefore, denotes a general state, while shadow implies a shape. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 English Grammar Rules You Should Know50 Latin Phrases You Should Know12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions

Innovation, knowledge and learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation, knowledge and learning - Assignment Example Knowledge management is undertaken with great zeal and initiative in today’s organizations and accounts for a key success factor for them too. It primarily addresses the ways in which organizations might manage the knowledge existing within its systems and its employees. It also provides the basis on which information technology may be used for leveraging the existing knowledge and creating or generating new knowledge too. A more effective solution is reached at when this knowledge is transferred or integrated into sets of policies for capturing and generating more knowledge. The firms are considered to be a network of relationships existing between individuals, groups and sub units who are further embedded into a broader network of relationships with competitors, customers, suppliers, and other organizations. However, the superficial aspects of contexts and problems would have to be eliminated for the transfer of knowledge to be successful. This is also true that in cases where knowledge is applied inappropriately or in such contexts where is does not fit rightly, it is likely to result in fall in performance. That is why the topic of knowledge transfer has attained great importance and the field of research. (Baum, 2002, p.198). The project seeks to make a critical evaluation of an article on knowledge management through making a comprehensive review of the case study of ‘InTouch’ within Schlumberger. It evaluates the ways in which knowledge is created, mobilized and diffused within the organization. The analysis of the paper in conducted w ith the use of adequate academic references. The project is conducted using qualitative research techniques in which the literature review provides critical analysis of the researches conducted before providing statements for or against the topic; and the data analysis is done using secondary research techniques. The data are integrated and compiled to arrive at the research findings and analysis. Critical Literature Globalization and the innovation are very closely related in the modern era. Globalization is one of the most important events of the civilization (Ervin, Smith, 2008, p. 7). The concept has brought immense changes in the thinking process of the human beings and development of new ideas and innovations in the world. Innovation is used in every field of the social behaviour of human beings and new things are generating every day for the enhancement of the lifestyle and business processes. Innovation in the field are also used in the industries and for the enhancement of the business functions knowledge management system is the latest technology used to build a knowledge base for the employees in the organization for the learning and innovation process. According to the author Robert Thierauf, in a knowledge management system the most important aspect for the firm is the storing of data which acts as the real knowledge of the firm. The collective knowledge of the different employees and the experiences from the different sources of the organization are organized at a single database for discovering at later stages (Thierauf, 1999, p. 72). But on the contrary by the author Stuart Barnes, knowledge reflects a phenomenon which is very difficult to quantify as it is the most difficult activity to segregate knowledge from other activities. Each and every aspects of the daily life can be a dynamic source of knowledge for everyone. Rather than its theoretical aspect it is more about practical implementation of the daily understanding of business processes (Barnes, 2002, p. 99). According to the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), organizations need to evaluate their activities and implement strategies for building an efficient

Digital Marketing Techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Digital Marketing Techniques - Essay Example Apart from this, the report will also try to illustrate a suitable communication strategy by which the company can satisfy its needs through the use of digital media. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 5 Market Analysis 6 Market Research 6 Competitors Comparison 8 Target Segmentation 9 Management Issues of Mobgets 10 Communication Strategy and Rational 11 Brand Awareness 13 Driving web traffic 13 Conversion 13 Budget Breakdown and timeline 14 Conclusion 15 References 16 Bibliography 21 Appendix 1 24 Appendix 2 25 Appendix 3 26 Appendix 4 27 Introduction Digital marketing can be defined as the process of marketing by which the product is placed on the digital platform and making it available for the millions of users. In other words, digital marketing way of promoting products and services via online distribution channels to attain the customers cost-effective and timely manner (Mobilestorm, n.d.). It is also known as internet marketing (Miller, 2012, what is digital m arketing). The world of digital media is revolutionizing at an inconceivable velocity. It is transforming the way we intermingle and communicate with each other (Jones & Ryan, 2012, p.viii). People are accepting the digital technology in order to communicate in ways and are flawlessly integrating it into their daily lives. In digital marketing companies promote their brands by making the use of social media, Television. Internet, radio, search engines and other forms as well. In the context of smartphones, they are also mobile phones but built on a mobile computing platform (Artilib, 2011). Smartphones are characterized by the advanced ability of computing and strong internet connectivity (Psypost, n.d.). Companies hugely make use of the digital marketing in order to sell the applications of a smartphone. A mobile application is a software which is used by the operators for different applicative functions (Reif, Wang & Nieto, 2009, p.194). Mobile applications generally help the user s by linking them to internet services. In order to do a market analysis of the company SWOT will be used as the tool to showcase the present market situation of the company as it offers many benefits (Hartline & Ferrell, 2012, p.122). Market Research Marketing Research is a procedural design, collection, evaluation and presenting the data and findings into a meaningful information (Dutka, Breen & Blankenship, 1998, p.7).

Analysing an Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestly Essay Example for Free

Analysing an Inspector Calls by J.B. Priestly Essay In the closing scene of the play the main focus is on Eddie and how badly he wants his name back and he is willing to do anything to get it, even kill if he has to. When Rodolpho comes and kisses Eddies hand, it is showing that Rodolpho is willing to settle for half, which links back to Alfieris prologue, this demonstrates the fact that Rodolpho knows he has been caught and that Marco will have to go back to Italy but he doesnt mind as long as he can be friends with the uncle of his bride. Rodolpho, by coming to apologise s really trying to protect Marco because he knows what he is going to do, as later on he says Eddie, please, he has children! You will kill a family! we know then that this is leading up to the climax of the play and then the resolution. First of all Eddie only wants is him to come here and apologise to him but later on when Rodolpho does come to apologise his demands change and he now wants his name back because Marco publicly shamed him when he shouted I accuse that one he also said he killed my children! That one stole the food from my children! because Marco will now no longer be able to work in America, he will not be able to earn money to send back to Italy to feed his children. After he shouted this out in the neighbourhood and everyone knows that Eddie Carbone snitched he only wants his name and reputation back. When Marco appears (his eyes are murderous and he cracks his knuckles)we are given an indication here that Eddie is going to do something to Marco, although he tries to stay positive by saying maybe he come to apologise to me. After this we are brought to the climax of the play Eddie (lunges for Marco) and Marco instantaneously strikes Eddie in return. As the inevitable happens and the knife is plunged into Eddie by Marco and the crowd rush in to separate them Marco has delivered his own justice upon Eddie but with a knife and not using the law like Alfieri suggested he do. This is the climax of the play and has terrible consequences for both of the characters as there search for justice ends simultaneously, because Eddie is dead so can no longer have justice and Marco has killed Eddie so has carried out his own justice. In Alfieris epilogue he again raises the fact that most of the time now we settle for half but this is not something which Marco was willing to do, he wanted justice and there was nothing that was going to stop him. Conclusively, miller communicates strong themes of law and justice in the play. Each character has their own views on what is right and what is wrong. The differences between the Sicilian society and the American society also play a large part. This is shown when Marco says that Eddie would be dead by now if he was in Italy because he had snitched on the two brothers. This is probably why Marco wanted to deliver his own justice because thats what he would do in his own country. Also Eddie hadnt actually done anything wrong in the eyes of the law, in fact it was commendable by the law because he reported illegal immigrants, and it was the fact that he betrayed relatives that needed justifying.

Justice in Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience Essay -- essays re

Justice Henry David Thoreau’s Civil Disobedience By definition justice means the quality of being just or fair. The issue then stands, is justice fair for everyone? Justice is the administration of law, the act of determining rights and assigning rewards or punishments, "justice deferred is justice denied.† The terms of Justice is brought up in Henry David Thoreau’s writing, â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† Justice has different standards for every group that it is presented upon. Thoreau’s opinions and criticism is strongly stated. Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) was described as many things. Thoreau was an author and naturalist with very Republican views. Morals inspired him. He ties in morality with justice many times in his piece. He was as well a pacifist, who was more talk than action. He was an abolitionist who sought justice for minorities. They didn’t have the ability to defend themselves. In Thoreau’s view, he felt that the government was insufficient. He didn’t need the laws to be just, he used his conscious and morality. He was compelled to do what morally was right, rather than it being based on government issued laws such as the complacent society there is today. People seem to care about justice, yet are immoral. This was the message Thoreau was trying to get across. Through all these wildly changing times, are we the people also changing? Is the generation gap a myth or can it be sustained? In evaluation of Henry David Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† essay, the answer to this is a resounding no. Thoreau opposed the war with Mexico in 1847 just like Jane Fonda opposed the Vietnam War more than 100 years later. Thoreau’s anti-war sentiment has been repeated in nearly every generation since the founding of this countr... ...for him to do). Instead Thoreau believes that as unjust and imperfect as democracy is at that particular time, he looks to better times, a time when legislators have more wisdom and integrity and hold humanity in a higher regard. He recognizes that fairness exists in the hearts and minds of individuals, some whom he knows personally and he holds to a hope that men like these can and will transform what is in their conscience into a â€Å"state at last which can afford to be just to all men and to treat the individual with respect†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In Thoreau’s view, he felt that the government was insufficient. At times such as these, government may not always be the best way to turn, yet it provides guidelines. This theme in his essay is just another opinion. Justice cannot be fully defined in one sentence by every person. It depends on the background and the experiences one has had.

Financing Climate Change for Economic Development (a Case Study of Nigeria)

FINANCING CLIMATE CHANGE FOR ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA) Written By: ABORISADE OLUWASOGO OLANREWAJU SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING BANKING AND FINANCE OSUN STATE UNIVERSITY OSOGBO, OKUKU SUPERVISED BY: MR OLANREWAJU FATOKI ABSTRACT Climate change adaptation is increasingly becoming an area of growing interest and involvement for many developing countries that unfortunately bear the brunt of an overheating planet caused by developed or so called advanced countries.The uncertain effects of a changing climate on Nigeria’s economy pose significant setbacks for meeting development targets like Nigeria’s aspiration to be among the twenty best performing economies of the world by the year 2020 [Vision 20:20:20] and achievement of the Millennium Development Goals. The fact that Africa’s most populous country runs dangerously on a mono-product economy oiled by cheap hydrocarbon deposits, underscores this heavy dependence on natural resources. Climate change-induced losses and the unsustainable use of these invaluable resources appear to be a harmful problem that has elevated itself to a real development challenge in Nigeria. It is not difficult to see that Nigeria’s climate security vulnerability lies predominantly along the coastal, littoral states of the south and the northern frontline states as a result of a combination of high physical exposure as well as low household and community resilience.Poor adaptive responses to growing shifts in temperature, rainfall, storms, and sea levels could help fuel violent conflict in some areas of the country due to shortages of resources such as land and water which breeds negative secondary impacts such as more sickness, hunger, and joblessness, which in turn flings the doors to conflict and social chaos wide open. These problems are further compounded by a lack of institutional, legislative and fiscal capacity for effective management of natural resources and stability of the ecosystem; leading to educed farm productivity, increased work load particularly on women, and a dislocated rural economy. Mitigation and adaptation are both necessary to alleviate the impacts of a changing global climate on our local communities and national economy. This research work therefore discuses climate change in Nigeria and ways it could be finance to increase economic development in Nigeria. INTRODUCTION Climate Change is a term used for changes in weather condition in the past few years said to be caused by Global Warming.Global Warming is increase in the average temperature of planet earth which is said to be caused by continuous emission of gases that trap heat to the earth's atmosphere. Climate Change and Global warming are often used interchangeably. In an upper part of the atmosphere called the troposphere 10-19km above sea level, certain gases trap heat to the earth to make it warm. Without these gases, the average temperature of the earth will be 33OC colder not able to support life for humans and several living things.These heat trapping gases for their action that resembles heat trapping effect to a glass house in Physics are called Green House Gases (GHG). There are a number of GHG known with some more potent and available than others, these GHG have a natural cycle that keep them balanced and available at certain range in the earth’s atmosphere for their function to keep the earth warm. Certain anthropogenic activities like burning of fossil fuels release gaseous products made up of one or more GH gas. Nigeria’s economy though heavily dependent on oil is sustained by agriculture and has thus become increasingly constrained.Both source of revenue for the economy is vulnerable to climate change crisis. Sustainable development of these sectors of the economy can only be achieved if processes in use are in favour and harmony with the environment. Although, Nigeria is not a major player in the green house gas emission comp ared to the western countries, the country has contributed to the depletion of the ozone layer through continuous gas flaring emission by multinational oil corporation in Niger Delta region. Climate change has become a global concern with harmful effects as seasonal cycles are hindered.For example, food production and water supply are adversely affected by the effects of climate change and if care is not taken, it will affect the economy in a drastic way. Nigeria and Climate Change Nigeria is exposed to the dangers of climate change, which is now a global issue. The dangers pose serious threats to existing environmental problems like desertification, erosion, flooding, and ecological devastation. Considering the strong connection between climate change and development, Nigeria is highly at risk in the area of food security, poverty reduction, energy and most importantly, infrastructure and general economic development.In view of this anyway, Nigeria’s efforts and actions must be informed by these realities. For example, it is estimated that in the Sudan-Sahel area of Nigeria, between 89,297 and 133,944 square kilometers of arable land would be at risk. It is estimated that the capital value at risk stands at about US$6. 4 billion for the current level of development, (NCCC, 2003). In December 2009, Nigeria like many other countries had the opportunity to tackle its climate change issues at Copenhagen, the capital and largest city in Denmark.However, climate change cannot be successfully addressed by any individual country it requires therefore substantial action and continuous efforts. These actions include nations’ investing in programmes and projects aimed at reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG’s), and contribute to adapting to climatic changes. Nigeria is committing itself to facing the challenges that climate change presents within its borders and is acting rapidly to ensure that the Copenhagen deal is the best for Nigeria and Africa.This is being achieved by continuing to form partnerships globally and regionally, and by promoting the development of alternative energy sources internally. Nigeria believes that climate change poses important threats to Africa, while equally offering some unique opportunities to generate new revenues and build more diverse and resilient economies. For example, a policy like the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) if designed to have an African focus could generate investments worth billions of US dollars every year. Causes of climate changeThe climatologists have found evidence to suggest that some factors are primarily responsible for most of the past episode of climate change on the earth and which needs to be addressed urgently. These factors include: (a. ) Radioactive forcing A process which alters the energy balances of the earth-atmosphere system is known as radioactive forcing mechanism (Shine et al, 2010). These may include degree of difference in the earthâ€℠¢s orbit around the sun, solar radiation, volcanic activity and atmospheric composition. (b. ) Non- radioactive forcingAny change in the climate must involve some form of energy redistribution within the global climate system. Yet there are forcing agents who do not affect directly the energy budget of the atmosphere (the balance between incoming solar radiation and outgoing terrestrial radiation). These are considered to be non- radioactive mechanism of global climate change. Such agents usually operate over vast time scales [107 to 109] and mainly include those which affect the climate through their influence over the geometry of the earth’s surface, such as location and size of mountain ranges and position of the ocean basins. (c. ) External forcingThis section discusses some of the various external forcing mechanisms operating over time a scale of 10 years to 109 years. (i. ) Galactic variations The orbit of the solar system about the centre of the galaxy has been conside red as a possible external climate forcing mechanism (Hugget, 1991). During the course of a galactic years [now estimates at 303million years] variation in the inter stellar medium (William, Isaac and Shoo, 1975) may also suggest that variation in gravitation torque induced by galaxy’s near neighbors, the small and large megellanic clouds, could have far reaching consequences for the earth’s climate. ii. ) Orogeny It is the name given to a tectonic process of mountain building and continental uplift. Such mechanisms operate over tens or even hundreds of millions of years. The earth’s outer surface, a layer known as the lithosphere {made up of the crust and the upper section of the mantle}, is broken up into 12 different plates which are constantly adjusting their positions relatively to each other and such movements are driven by the internal convective dynamics within the earth mantle.When plates collide, one may either be subdued beneath another or both are pu shed continually together, forcing upwards any continental land masses, to form long mountain range. (iii. ) Epeirogeny It is a term that describes changes in the global disposition of land masses and like organic process, this changes are driven by internal plate tectonic movements. Continents move around the globe at a rate of several centimeters per year owning to the slowness of the internal dynamics of the earth. However, over tens or hundreds of millions of years, both the size and position of land area can change appreciably. iv. ) Volcanic activity Explosive eruption can inject large quantities of dust and gaseous materials [such as sulphur dioxide] into the upper atmosphere [the stratosphere], where sulphur is rapidly converted into sulphuric acid aerosols. Whereas volcanic pollution of the lower atmosphere is removed within days by the effects of rainfall and gravity, stratospheric pollution may remain there for several years, gradually spreading to cover much of the globe . A volcanic activity has the ability to affect global climate on a longer time scale.Over periods of millions or even tens of millions of years, increased volcanic activity can emit enormous volumes of green house gases, with the potential of substantial global warming (Pickering ; Owen, 2004; Rampino ; Volk, 2006]. However, the global cooling effect of sulphur dioxide emissions will act to counter the green house warming and the resultant climate change remains uncertain. (v. ) Ocean circulation It was identified that the oceans store an immense amount of heat energy, and consequently play a crucial role in the regulation of the global climatic system.In order to explain the observed hemispheric syncronity of glaciations, despite periods of directly opposed orbital forcing in the two hemispheres, many researchers have looked to the oceans. Although, in this sense, changes in oceans circulation has traditionally been viewed as internal forcing mechanisms in its own right. Economic implications of Climate change The estimates of economic impact on climate change are typically based on ‘damage function’. The estimates cover a variety of climate impacts that are usually grouped as ‘market impact’ and ‘non-market impact’.Market impacts include effects on climate sensitive sectors such as agriculture, forestry, fisheries and tourism; damage to coastal areas from sea level rises; changes in energy expenditure (for heating and cooling) and changes in water resources. The non-market impacts cover the effects of climate change on health; leisure activities, ecosystem and human settlements. The economic implications of climate change in Nigeria are discussed below: (a. ) Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries McCarl (2007) reported that 70% of the workforce in Nigeria relies on rain-fed agriculture for their livelihood.He noted that agriculture is affected by climate change as a result of reduction in quantity and quality of yields; changes in crop practices through changes in water use (irrigation) and cost of agricultural inputs such as herbicides, insecticides and fertilizers; Environmental effects particularly due to frequency and intensity of soil damage leading to nitrogen leaching, soil erosion and reduction of crop diversity. Other effects are adaptation of organisms and plants to flood, salinity and temperature, collapse of flourishing profitable investment and a sharp downturn of national economy.According to Okali (2004), droughts usually increase in occurrence, having a huge impact, especially in the dry North as a result of desertification. (b. ) Tourism and Leisure activities The forest is the abode for wildlife. If the forests disappear, the wildlife goes with it. Sites of tourist attractions in Nigeria are vulnerable to climate change. The waterfalls, the lakes, the river basins, the ocean views, the beaches, the ranches etc. may be nowhere to be found. Due to this, the huge investment of both t he government and the private sector in tourism and leisure activities may be eroded.Loss of revenue and the lay-off of those employed in this sector of the economy will impose financial strain on the economy. (c. ) Coastal areas and Sea level rises Not less than seven out of the thirty-six states in Nigeria is in the coastal area. Nigeria’s coastal zone is richly blessed with various natural resources such as crude oil and fish, which are presently being exploited for economic gains. The global climate change and the concomitant sea level rises will have adverse effects on the coastal zone.Nigeria could lose over 18,000 square kilometers of the coastal land and the natural resources contained therein as well as experience disruption in socio-economic activities. This will also increase the salinity of the fresh water, thereby affecting aquatic life. Loss of revenue and GDP and the attendant impact of rendering the inhabitants of the coastal areas, who are pre-dominantly fish ermen, unemployed. (d. ) Human settlement Desert encroachment is becoming a threat from the northern part of Nigeria due to desertification.The inadequate trees in some parts of the North have resulted in unfavourable living condition and displacement of many human settlements. The rising sea level and gully erosion are equally claiming several kilometers in the coastal areas especially the southern part of the country. Valuable resources and infrastructures of the country are found in this area and if the sea claims these places, the economy of the nation will be affected. The Tsunami incidence in Japan on 12th March 2011, which claimed thousands of lives and properties worth billions of dollars, is a warning signal.It is also very important that Nigeria lend a clue from the bitter experience of Japan. (e. ) Health Increased temperature in the various regions could result in high incidence of malaria and other diseases that affect humans due to high temperature. The possibility of water-borne diseases as a result of the sea level rises cannot be ruled out. The implication of this is that there would be an increase in the cost of maintaining a healthy nation. It is note-worthy that this might frustrate the recent effort by government and relevant international health agencies to halt the scourge of malaria and other diseases. f) Industry and manufacturing The effect of global warming on the climate-vulnerable sectors of the economy (agriculture and the coastal resources) that provide input for the industry and manufacturing is another area of concern. The infant industries and the small and medium scale enterprises could be threatened. This is because only the big ones will be able to pay the high prices of manufacturing inputs. The GDP will be adversely affected by the inability of the small businesses to operate since they act as catalysts for economic growth and development. g) Financial services sector This sector serves as the intermediary between the def icit sector and the surplus sector of the economy. Owing to the ability of the big companies who are mostly quoted on the stock exchange to weather the storm of the likely downturn, they will force the market into an initial boom, which may not last, only to be followed, subsequent to its effect on the climate sensitive sectors, by a devastating and catastrophic burst because no entity or segment of the economy would be left out.Hence, there is the tendency of experiencing what could be best described as ‘climate induced inflation’. Odjugbo (2010) noted that climate has a significant effect on the country’s economy. Climate Change Financing Providing financial support to developing countries like Nigeria to help mitigate the effects of climate change and adapt to its impacts will be crucial to achieving agreement at the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Copenhagen in December 2009. This makes financing one of the most critical issu es in international climate change negotiations.The major issues that need funding in order to address climate change properly are observed to include mitigation, adaptation, technology transfer and capacity building of institutions and personnel. Funding must benefit from domestic and international sources. The major sources of domestic resources to finance development in Nigeria have been domestic savings which are channeled into development through various formal and informal avenues, taxation, domestic borrowing (including borrowing from the banking system and private sector), bond financing, external reserves, surpluses of public enterprises, and very importantly, the oil sector.Domestic resources should ideally constitute the major source of financing development and should be the first port of call. It is a better long term option in the achievement of any longer term development goals. On the other hand, external resources should be seen as providing supplementary finance to domestic resources. External finance has proved difficult to predict and sustain. Indeed, some forms of external finance, for example, ODA, portfolio investment and bank lending that may appear to be important have tended to be highly volatile and hence potentially risky and problematic for development.Also, there has been skepticism about aid effectiveness such that ‘despite the declared huge disbursement by donors, there is not much on the ground to show for it’ (NPC, 2008). If domestic resources must provide a robust basis for sustainable progress in meeting the climate change challenges, then policies need to be implemented which would increase domestic saving and raise the revenue (tax and nontax) GDP ratio significantly beyond current levels. As at June 30 2009 there remain few well known sources of domestic financing for climate change adaptation/mitigation, renewable/green energy projects in Nigeria.Whilst we suspect that there are some in-house sources of fina nce being discussed within various institutions, these are not yet publicly known and are at their primary stage of development where they do exist. With respect to mitigation, a lot of resources are needed particularly in acquiring technology. Nigeria supports the initiative for the establishment of a Multilateral Technology Acquisition Fund to buy Intellectual property Rights (IPR) which is a major constraint to technology transfer.Most of the resources for mitigation have moved to the developed countries over the years. Nigeria supports therefore the review of this anomaly for equitable distribution. Mitigation resources should also come to developing countries so that their developmental efforts do not finally result in injecting more GHG into the atmosphere. Nigeria should team up with other African countries and the G77 to seek for greater access to Adaptation Funds. Many of the potential adaptation projects which are urgent require considerable capital investment that the Fun d can best provide.The significance of this is that this source of funding is reliable and predictable. Demand notices requiring for settling of counterpart Funds should be sent early enough to facilitate the processing of payment. Nigeria should team up with other countries to ask for the change in the present arrangement in which developed countries alone produce the CEOs of the GEF. In the future, the position should be alternately occupied by candidates from the developed and developing countries to reflect the global character of this institution.Constraints to financing climate change in Nigeria Some of the expected major sources of financing climate change in Nigeria encounter a lot of challenges/constraints. Some of these are as follows: – * The precarious dependence of government revenue on the oil sector. Thus, any shortfalls in oil revenue will adversely affect climate change mitigation/adaptation. Projected government financing of climate change may partly depend on economic growth performance and may not be realized if the growth performance is weak. The need to lay a solid foundation for sustainable growth, rely more on domestic sources of financing especially noninflationary sources, and diversify the revenue base away from oil to non oil tax sources. In addition to the above, the following issues have been identified as current constraints that are hampering progress in efforts to tackle climate change activities in the country: * Lack of a regulatory framework that should guide any institutional governance and the activities of climate change have discouraged local lending to renewable energy projects, foreign direct investment (FDI), and significant take-off of the CDM market. The lack of an established and working climate change institution has encumbered the drawing up of a broad-based and robust regulatory framework that can, with the assistance of consultants and advisers in this area, ensure world-class practices being put in plac e in Nigeria as part of the structure. * Absence of definite budgets within the various government ministries, departments, and agencies to incorporate climate change activities in national development within the broader Nigerian society. Lack of moral persuasion by the federal government on private enterprise to focus on driving climate change mitigation strategies and business development. * Lack of general educational campaign to advise financial institutions, corporate bodies and civil society on the merits of investing in Green Energy and the CDM market has greatly hampered the take off of all related projects. Lack of knowledge by financial institutions on investment within the new ‘green’ economy in all its ramifications due to lack of capacity build-up in this area. * Lack of knowledge among most local financial institutions on how to advise clients to access CDM funds for their projects which leads to less revenue being generated from carbon sequestration proje cts. CONCLUSIONNigeria cannot afford to be left outing the fringes of achieving environmental sustainability, alleviating poverty and reducing extreme hunger in line with the millennium development goals. The Government of Nigeria must as a matter of expediency treat the problems associated with climate change on the economy with urgency by adhering to international environmental treaties and embarking on massive and aggressive sensitization of the citizens on the problems associated with global warming and the steps that can be taken to address the concern.The government needs to sensitize Nigerians on the need to be more environmental friendly, evolve a change in consumer behaviour and ensure effective utilization of financial resources to mitigate the effects of climate change. REFERENCE Odjugo, P. A. O. (2010). Regional evidence of climate change in Nigeria. Journal of Geography and Regional Planning, 3(6), pp. 142-150 United Nations Organization. (2010). Climate Change Conferen ce in Cancun leads to agreements Sass.R. L. , (2009), Frequently Asked Questions: Climate Change, James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University United States Central Intelligence Agency World Fact Book (2011), https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ni. html United States Climate Science Program (2008), Trends in Emissions of Ozone Depleting Substances, Ozone Layer Recovery and Implications for Ultra Violet Radiation Exposure Synthesis and Assessment Product 2. 4

Legalization Of Marijuana On The Economy - 1927 Words

Chelsea Ballew Mr. Harrington Writ 101, 72 31 March 2015 Legalization of Marijuana on the economy If one were told that the United States had all of the answers to their economic issues growing within their country wouldn’t people take advantage of it? Even if the solution was currently considered as an illegal substance. George Shaw stated, â€Å"If history repeats itself, and the unexpected always happens, how incapable must Man be of learning from experience. Mr. Shaw’s wisdom particularly applies to the current debate on the legalization of cannabis, and if it should be legal state or nationwide. The present-day prohibition on marijuana is not any different than the past prohibition on alcohol in the roaring 20’s. The legalization of marijuana, similar to alcohol not only means more money for the government, but also more revenue, jobs, and savings. The debate can be tough to follow with all of the political jargon. Americans must keep in mind that is substantial to find a solution to the lingering question, should marijuana be legalized? It is vital for the United States to end the expensive and uneconomical prohibition. Besides the infinite reasons for legalization such as ending panic over drugs, lowering crime rate and ending drug-related pollution there is one clear motive for legalization, the money. The Huffington Post reported â€Å"The government would save an estimated $13.7 billion on prohibition enforcement costs and tax revenue by legalizing marijuana.† How is itShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1223 Words   |  5 Pagesthat the marijuana industry has had on the economies of the states which have legalized recreational marijuana use for consumers over the age of 21. Many predictions were made referring to the outcome of marijuana legalization, however, most predictions made did not foretell the actual outcome. 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